3.1 The Association is a public, non-profit organisation established for the following sole object:
4. LEGAL STATUS
The Association is a body corporate with its own legal identity which is separate from its individual members. The Association shall continue to exist even if the members change. The Association may own property, enter into contracts, and sue or be sued in its own name.
5. NON-PROFIT DISTRIBUTING CHARACTER
The income and property of the Association shall be used solely for the promotion of its stated objectives. The members and the office-bearers shall have no rights to the property or other assets of the Association solely be virtue of them being members or office-bearers. No portion of the income or property of the Association shall be paid or distributed directly or indirectly to any person (otherwise than in the ordinary course of undertaking any public benefit activity) or to any member of the Association or Management Committee, except as:
reasonable compensation for services actually rendered to the Association;
reimbursement of actual costs or expenses reasonably incurred on behalf of the Association.
Upon the dissolution of the Association, after all debts and commitments have been paid, any remaining assets shall not be paid to or distributed amongst members, but shall be transferred by donation to some other non-profit organisation which the Management Committee (and failing which any division of the High Court) considers appropriate and which has objectives the same or similar to the objectives of the Association; and should the Association become an approved public benefit organisation:
Upon the dissolution of the Association, after all debts and commitments have been paid, any remaining assets shall not be paid to or distributed amongst members, but shall be transferred by donation to some other non-profit organisation which the Management Committee (and failing which any division of the High Court) considers appropriate and which has objectives the same or similar to the objectives of the Association; and should the Association become an approved public benefit organisation:
is a similar public benefit organisation which has been approved in terms of section 30 of the Income Tax Act, or
any institution, board or body which is exempt from tax under the provisions of section 10(1)(cA), which has as its sole or principal object the carrying on of any public benefit activity, or
any department of state or administration in the national or provincial or local sphere of government of the Republic comtemplated in section 10(1) (a) or (b).
The Association intends to apply to the Commissioner for the South African Revenue Service exemption from appropriate taxes and duties. In compliance with the provisions of the Income Tax Act, the provisions set out in the attached Schedule A shall bind the Association and qualify this Constitution.
6. POWERS
The Association, acting through its Management Committee, or at General Meeting, shall have all the powers necessary for it to carry out its stated objectives effectively. Such powers shall include, but not be limited to, the General Investment and Administrative Powers set out in the attached Schedule B.
7. MEMBERS
The initial membership shall be those persons whose names and signatures appear on the attached Schedule C.
The Management Committee may admit further members from time to time:
Subject to due compliance with any conditions of membership (including payment of any membership fees) which the Management Committee may stipulate from time to time; and
In accordance with the following criteria:
The Management Committee may suspend or terminate the membership of any member provided that:
At least (14) fourteen days prior written notice is given to all members of the Management Committee of the intention to terminate a membership; and
At least (14) fourteen days prior written notice is given to the member concerned. The notice shall invite the member to make written or verbal representations to the meeting as the member may consider appropriate.
The decision of the Management Committee to admit an applicant to membership, or to suspend or terminate a membership shall lapse unless confirmed by a resolution of two thirds of the members of the Association present at the next General Meeting.
Neither the Management Committee nor the Association shall be required to give reasons for their decisions with respect to membership.
8. STRUCTURE OF THE ASSOCIATION
The Management Committee
Powers
The affairs of the Association shall be controlled and managed by the Management Committee. Subject to the terms of this constitution and to the resolutions of members in General Meeting, the Management Committee may exercise all the powers of the Association.
In General Meeting, the Association may review, approve or amend any decision taken by the Management Committee but no such resolution of the Association shall invalidate any prior action taken by the Management Committee in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution.
Election
The members of the first Management Committee shall be elected at the General Meeting at which this Constitution is adopted, and shall hold office until the first Annual General Meeting after such appointment, when all of them shall resign. At the first Annual General Meeting, a new Management Committee shall be elected. Thereafter, a new Management Committee shall be elected at each succeeding Annual General Meeting.ORThe members of the first Management Committee shall be elected at the General Meeting at which this Constitution is adopted, and shall hold office until the first Annual General Meeting held after their appointment. At such first Annual General Meeting and at every subsequent Annual General Meeting held thereafter, not less than one half of the Management Committee members shall retire by rotation. The members to retire shall be those who have been in office the longest since their last appointment. As between members of equal seniority, the members to retire, in the absence of agreement between them, shall be determined by ballot.
Resigning Management Committee members shall be eligible for re-election or co-option.
Management Committee members shall be members of the Association.
Composition
The Management Committee shall comprise at least ______ but not more than ___________ members. The membership of the Management Committee shall comprise:
the Chairperson;
the Vice-Chairperson;
the Treasurer
the Secretary;
at least three (3) other persons.
The Management Committee may co-opt up to ________ additional non-voting members as it may consider appropriate from time to time. The co-opted members shall serve for such period as the Management Committee considers appropriate.
Management Committee Member Vacating Office
The office of a Management Committee member shall be vacated if a member:
resigns; or
becomes unfit and/or incapable of acting as such; or
would be disqualified, in terms of the Companies Act or equivalent legislation in force from time to time, from acting as a Director of a Company; or
is removed by the Management Committee, by resolution adopted by at least three-quarters (3/4) of its members in office from time to time, being not less than the required minimum of ________. The Management Committee shall not be obliged to furnish reasons for its decision/s regarding removal except to the member removed and to the members of the Association in General Meeting.
Should a position on the Management Committee fall vacant, the Management Committee, by resolution adopted at least two-thirds (2/3) of its members, may (and if the vacancy reduces the number of members to less than seven [7], shall) co-opt a member/s to fill the vacancy/ies. The office of any person so co-opted as member of the Management Committee shall lapse unless confirmed by resolution of members at the next General Meeting.
Procedure at Management Committee Meetings
The Management Committee shall conduct its meetings and regulate its proceedings as it finds convenient, provided that:
The Chairperson, or in his or her absence, the Vice-Chairperson, shall chair all meetings of the Management Committee which he or she attends. In the absence of the Chairperson and the Vice-Chairperson, the remaining members of the Management Committee shall elect a chairperson from those attending.
The Chairperson shall convene a meeting of the Management Committee, quarterly and at the written request of any two (2) members of the Management Committee and may convene such a meeting at any other time.
The quorum necessary for the transaction of any business by the Management Committee shall be two-thirds (2/3) of the Management Committee members serving at any given time.
At meetings of the Management Committee each member shall have one (1) vote.
Questions arising shall be decided by a majority of votes. Should there be an equality of votes the Chairperson shall have a casting or second vote.
Proper minutes shall be kept of the proceedings of the Management Committee, and a record of the persons present at each meeting. The minutes shall be signed by the member who chairs the meeting, and shall be available at all times for inspection or copying by any member of the Management Committee, and on two (2) days’ notice to the Secretary or his or her deputy, by any member of the Association.
A resolution signed by all members of the Management Committee shall be as valid as if passed at a duly convened meeting of the Management Committee.
The Management Committee may delegate any of its powers to any of its members, or to a special purpose committee. The member, committee, employee or agent to whom such delegation is made shall conform to any regulations and procedures that may be stipulated by the Management Committee from time to time.
The Management Committee may appoint a Chief Executive and other officers and employees as it may consider necessary from time to time upon such terms and conditions as it may consider appropriate.
General Meetings
Annual General Meeting
An Annual General Meeting of the Association shall be held within a period of fifteen (15) months of the adoption of this Constitution. Subsequent Annual General Meetings shall be held within three (3) months of the end of each financial year.
Annual General Meetings shall be convened by the Chairperson on not less than twenty-one (21) days prior written notice to all members entitled to attend the meeting. This notice shall state the date, time and place of the meeting and in broad terms the business to be transacted at the meeting.
The business of an Annual General Meeting shall include:
the presentation and adoption of the Annual Report of the Chairperson;
the consideration of the Annual Financial Statements;
the election of members to serve on the Management Committee for the following year;
the appointment of Auditors;
other matters as may be considered appropriate.
Other General Meetings
Other General Meetings of the Association shall be convened at any time by the Chairperson or at the written request of:
the Management Committee;
the lesser of one quarter (1/4) or ________ of the members of the Association.
Any General Meeting other than the Annual General Meeting shall be convened on not less than fourteen (14) days written notice to all members. The notice shall state the date, time and place of the meeting and in broad terms the business to be transacted at the meeting: provided that: should the Chairperson, having been requested to give such notice, fail to give it within seven (7) days of the request, the persons requesting the meeting shall be entitled themselves to give notice of and to convene the meeting.
Quorum
A quorum constituting a General Meeting of the Association shall be the lesser of:
________ members; or
one quarter (1/4) of the members.
Should any General Meeting have been properly convened but no quorum be present, the meeting shall stand adjourned to another date, which shall be within seven (7) days thereafter. The notice reflecting such adjournment shall be given to the persons and in the manner provided for in this Constitution. At such reconvened General Meeting, the members then present or represented shall be deemed to constitute a quorum.
Resolutions and Voting
At all General Meetings, a resolution put to the vote shall be decided by means of a show of hands or by ballot. A vote by ballot shall be held only if demanded by the Chairperson or not less than one third (1/3) of the persons voting in person or by proxy. The result of the vote shall be the resolution of the meeting.
Each member present or represented at such meeting shall be entitled to one (1) vote.
Questions arising shall be decided by a majority of votes. Should there be an equality of votes the Chairperson shall have a casting or second vote.
MinutesProper minutes shall be kept of the proceedings of all General Meetings, and a record of the persons present at each meeting. The minutes shall be signed by the chairperson of the meeting, and shall be available for inspection or copying by any member on two (2) days notice to the Secretary or his or her deputy.
PowersSubject to the provisions of Clause 8.1.1.2 above, a duly convened General Meeting of the Association, at which a quorum is present, is competent to carry out all the objectives and to exercise all the powers of the Association as set out in this Constitution.
Notices
Notice of all meetings provided for in this Constitution, shall be delivered personally, or sent by prepaid post, to the last address notified by each person concerned to the Association, or in any other manner as the Management Committee may decide from time to time.
The accidental omission to address notice/s to any person shall not invalidate the proceedings of any meeting.
If posted, notices shall be deemed to have been received seven (7) days after posting.
9. FINANCIAL MATTERS
Bank AccountThe Management Committee shall open a bank account in the name of the Association with a registered Bank or Building Society. The Management Committee shall ensure that all monies received by the Association are deposited in the abovementioned bank account as soon as possible after receipt.
SignaturesAll cheques, promissory notes and other documents requiring signature on behalf of the Association shall be signed by two (2) of the Management Committee members.
Financial Year EndThe Association’s financial year end shall be:
Financial RecordsThe Management Committee shall ensure that the Association keeps proper records and books of account which fairly reflect the affairs of the Association.
Annual Narrative Report and Financial Statements
The Management Committee shall ensure that the Association prepares an annual narrative report describing the Association’s activities and an Annual Financial Statement for each financial year. The Annual Financial Statements shall conform with generally accepted accounting principles and shall include a statement of income and expenditure and a balance sheet of assets and liabilities.
Within two (2) months after drawing up the Annual Financial Statements, the Management Committee shall ensure that:the Association arranges for an accounting officer to certify that the annual financial statements are consistent with the financial records of the Association and that its accounting policies are appropriate and have been appropriately applied in the preparation of its financial statements.ORthe books of account and financial statements are audited and certified in the customary manner by an independent practising chartered accountant.
A copy of the Annual Financial Statements and annual narrative report shall be made available to all members as soon as possible after the close of the financial year.
10. AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION AND DISSOLUTION
The terms of this Constitution may be amended, the name of the Association may be changed and the Association may be dissolved by resolution of sixty six per cent (66%) of the members present at a General Meeting: provided that proper notice of the meeting is given not less than twenty-eight (28) days prior to the date of the Meeting and such notice states the nature of the resolution to be proposed.
11. INDEMNITY
Subject to the provisions of any relevant statute, members of the Management Committee and other office bearers shall be indemnified by the Association for all acts done by them in good faith on its behalf. It shall be the duty of the Association to pay all costs and expenses which any such person incurs or becomes liable for as a result of any contract entered into, or act done by him or her, in his or her said capacity, in the discharge, in good faith, of his or her duties on behalf of the Association.
Subject to the provisions of any relevant statute, no member of the ManagemenCommittee and or other office bearer of the Association shall be liable for the acts, receipts, neglects or defaults of any other member or office bearer, or for any loss, damage or expense suffered by the Association, which occurs in the execution of the duties of his or her office, unless it arises as a result of his or her dishonesty, or failure to exercise the degree of care, diligence and skill required by law.
12. DISPUTES
In the event of a serious disagreement between the members of the Management Committee and/or the Association regarding the interpretation of this constitution then any two (2) Management Committee members or any five (5) members of the Association shall be entitled to declare a dispute. Such declaration shall be in writing, state the issue in dispute, and be addressed to the Management Committee.
The Management Committee shall consider such declaration within two (2) weeks of receiving it. Should the Management Committee not be able to resolve the dispute to the satisfaction of the person(s) declaring it, the dispute shall be referred either to a mediator or arbitrator.
Should the dispute be referred to a mediator, the person(s) declaring the dispute and the Management Committee must agree on a suitable mediator and to the costs of such mediation. A mediator may recommend an appropriate resolution of the dispute.
In the absence of agreement regarding a mediator or should mediation not resolve the dispute, the dispute shall be referred to arbitration. The arbitrator shall be such suitably qualified person/s as the person(s) declaring the dispute and the Management Committee may mutually agree. Alternatively, each of the parties shall be entitled to nominate one arbitrator, who shall act jointly with a third person to be nominated jointly by the respective nominees of the parties; on the basis that a majority decision of the appointed arbitrators shall be final and binding.
The arbitration shall be held on an informal basis, and the arbitrator shall have the power to determine the procedure to be adopted subject to principles of natural justice.
The arbitrator may base her/his award not only upon the applicable law but also upon the principles of equity and fairness.
The person(s) declaring the dispute and the Management Committee, beforehand, may agree to share the costs of the arbitration. In the absence of such agreement the arbitrator shall decide which parties shall be liable for the costs.
The decision of the arbitrator shall be final and binding upon all parties and capable of being made an Order of Court on application by any of them.
SCHEDULE A
REQUIREMENTS OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR THE SOUTH AFRICAN REVENUE SERVICE FOR
EXEMPTION FROM TAXES AND DUTIES
As provided for in Clause 5.3 of this Constitution, the Association intends to apply to the Receiver of Revenue for the exemption from appropriate taxes and duties. In compliance with the anticipated requirements of the Commissioner in respect of such exemptions, the following provisions shall bind the Association:
In the case of a PBO seeking an exemption from income and other related taxes only, in terms of section 10(1)(cN) of the Income Tax Act, as amended:Carry out all its public benefit activities in accordance with section 30 of the Income Tax Act.0rIn the case of a PBO seeking a section 10(1)(cN) exemption from income and other related taxes and donor deductible status in terms of sections 10(1)(cN) and 18A, respectively, of the Income Tax Act, as amended:Carry on its public benefit activities in the Republic.
Only in the case of a PBO which provides funds solely to any income tax exempt PBO seeking a section 10(1)(cN) exemption from income and other related taxes only and section 18A donor deductible status, as described in section 18A(1)(b) of the Income Tax Act, as amended.During the year of assessment preceding the year of assessment during which the donation is received, distribute or incur the obligation to so distribute at least 75% of the funds received. Provided that the Minister may on good cause shown and subject to such conditions as he or she may determine, either generally or in a particular instance, waive, defer or reduce the obligation to distribute at least 75% of its funds having regard to the public interest and the purpose for which the relevant organisation wishes to accumulate those funds.
Carry on its public benefit activities in a non-profit manner.
Comply with such conditions, if any, as the Minister may prescribe by way of regulation to ensure that the activities and resources of the organisation are directed in the furtherance of its objects.
Submit to the Commissioner a copy of and a copy of any amendment to the Constitution, Will or other written instrument under which it has been established.
Be required to have at least three persons, who are not connected persons in relation to each other, to accept the fiduciary responsibility of the organisation and no other single person directly or indirectly controls the decision making powers relating to that organisation: Provided that the provisions of this sub-paragraph shall not apply in respect of any trust established in terms of a will of any person who died on or before 31 December 2003.
In the event of the Association investing funds, invest such funds :
with a financial institution as defined in section 1 of the Financial Services Board Act, 1990 (Act No. 97 of 1990); and/or
in securities listed on a stock exchange as defined in section 1 of the Stock Exchanges Control Act, 1985 (Act No. 1 of 1985) ; and/or
in such other prudent investments in financial instruments and assets as the Commissioner may determine after consultation with the Executive Officer of the Financial Services Board and the Director of Non-Profit Organisations;provided that the provisions of this sub-paragraph do not prohibit any such organisation from retaining any investment (other than any investment in the form of a business undertaking or trading activity or asset which is used in such business undertaking or trading activity) in the form that it was acquired by way of donation, bequest or inheritance.
Be prohibited from carrying on any business undertaking or trading activity, otherwise than to the extent that:
the gross income derived from such business undertaking or trading activity does not exceed the greater of :
fifteen percent (15%) of the gross receipts of such public benefit organisation; or
twenty five thousand Rand (R25 000,00);
the undertaking or activity is:
integral and directly related to the sole object of such public benefit organisation; and
carried out or conducted on a basis substantially the whole of which is directed towards the recovery of cost, and which would not result in unfair competition in relation to taxable entities;
the undertaking or activity, if not integral and directly related to the sole object of such public benefit organisation as contemplated in clause 8.2.1, is of an occasional nature and undertaken substantially with assistance on a voluntary basis without compensation; or
the undertaking or activity is approved by the Minister by notice in the Gazette, having regard to:
the scope and benevolent nature of the undertaking or activity;
the direct connection and interrelationship of the undertaking or activity with the sole purpose of the public benefit organisation;
the profitability of the undertaking or activity; and
the level of economic distortion that may be caused by the tax-exempt status of the public benefit organisation carrying out the undertaking or activity.
Be prohibited from accepting any donation which is revocable at the instance of the donor for reasons other than a material failure to conform to the designated purposes and conditions of such donation, including any misrepresentation with regard to the tax deductibility thereof in terms of section 18A; provided that a donor (other than a donor which is an approved public benefit organisation or an institution, board or body which is exempt from tax in terms of section 10(1)(cA)(i), which has as its sole or principal object the carrying on or any public benefit activity) may not impose conditions which could enable such donor or any connected person in relation to such donor to derive some direct or indirect benefit from the application of such donation.
Ensure that it is not knowingly a party to, and does not knowingly permit itself to be used as part of any transaction, operation or scheme of which the sole or main purpose is or was the reduction, postponement or avoidance of liability for any tax, duty or levy, which, but for such transaction, operation or scheme, would have been or would have become payable by any person under the Act or any other Act administered by the Commissioner.
Has not and will not pay any remuneration as defined in the Fourth Schedule, to any employee, office bearer, member or other person, which is excessive, having regard to what is generally considered reasonable in the sector and in relation to the service rendered and has not and will not economically benefit any person in a manner which is not consistent with its objects.
Comply with such reporting requirements as may be determined by the Commissioner.
Take reasonable steps to ensure that the funds which it may provide to any association of persons as contemplated in section 30(b)(iii) of the Act are utilised for the purpose for which they are provided.
Become registered in terms of section 13(5) of the Non-Profit Organisations Act, 1997 (Act No. 71 of 1997), within such period as the Commissioner may determine, and comply with any other requirements imposed in terms of that Act, unless the Commissioner in consultation with the Director or Nonprofit Organisations designated in terms of section 8 of the Nonprofit Organisations Act, 1997, on good cause shown, otherwise directs.
Has not and will not use its resources directly or indirectly to support, advance or oppose any political party.
Ensure that any books of account, records or other documents relating to its affairs are:
where kept in book form, retained and carefully preserved by any person in control of the organisation, for a period of at least four years after the date of the last entry in any such book; or
where not kept in book form, are retained and carefully preserved by any person in control of the organisation, for a period of four years after the completion of the transaction, act or operation to which they relate.
SCHEDULE B
GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE AND INVESTMENT POWERS
To employ staff and hire professional and other services.
To institute or defend any legal or arbitration proceedings and to settle any claims made by or against the Association.
To open and operate accounts with registered banks and building societies.
To make and vary investments and re-invest the proceeds of such investments on condition that any investments made by the Association shall be with Financial Institutions as defined in Schedule A Clause 7 above.
To accept donations made to the Association and retain them in the form in which they are received, or sell them and re-invest the proceeds.
With regard to movable and immovable property and tangible and intangible assets of whatsoever nature:
to purchase or acquire property and assets;
to maintain, manage, develop, exchange, lease, sell, or in any way deal with the property and assets of the Association;
to donate and transfer the property and assets of the Association to organisations with the same or similar objectives and the same exemptions from taxes and duties to those of the Association.
To borrow and to use the property or assets of the Association as security for borrowing;
To guarantee the performance of contracts or obligations of any person on condition that any such person is primarily engaged in activities which further the objectives of the Association.
To execute any act or deed in any deeds registry, mining titles or other public office.
To work in collaboration with other organisations and to amalgamate with any organisation with the same or similar objectives and the same exemptions from taxes and duties to those of the Association.
To exercise all the management and executive powers that are normally vested in the Board of Directors of a Company.
To exercise all the powers and authority of the Association not only in the Republic of South Africa but in any other part of the world.
A Voluntary Association is created by an agreement between three or more people to form an association to achieve a common non-profit objective which promotes the public interest in some way. The agreement does not have to be in writing. However, to avoid uncertainty and disputes it is usually advised that it is reduced to writing. Should an Association wish to register itself as a non-profit organisation in terms of the Non-Profit Organisations Act, a written agreement is needed. This written agreement is the founding document of the organisation and is called the constitution.
The constitution sets out the rules which will govern the non-profit organisation (NPO), such as its main purpose and objectives, its membership, governance structures and procedures, and the rights and duties of the association, its members, and its office-bearers. The constitution provides clarity about these issues for people both inside and outside the association. There are many different kinds of associations, and their constitutions reflect their different characters.
EXPLANATION
1. BACKGROUND
These clauses describe the context, circumstances and motivations which gave rise to the creation of the association.
2. NAME
The constitution must state the full name and any abbreviation of the name of the association. Usually, the name identifies what kind of association it is.
3. OBJECTIVES
The constitution must list the main and ancillary objectives of the association in general terms. The objectives describe the purpose of the association and what it intends to do. The objectives should reflect that the association does not exist primarily for the gain, self-interest or profit of its members and officers but to promote a public interest objective.
4. LEGAL STATUS
The constitution must define the association as a corporate body with its own legal identity which is separate from its individual members and officers and which continues to exist even if its members or officers change.
An association which is a body corporate may sue, be sued, and own property in its own name. Also, should the members and officers of such an association enter into transactions on its behalf, within the powers granted to them by the constitution, such transactions will be considered to be those of the association, not those of the office bearer whose personal liability is limited.
5. NON-PROFIT DISTRIBUTING
The constitution must state that the income and property of the association will be used to promote its objectives and will not be distributed to its members or office-bearers, except as reasonable compensation for their work. As this principle applies during the life time of the organisation and on its closure (dissolution), the constitution must provide that on dissolution of the association, its property will be given to an organisation with similar objectives. These clauses demonstrate the non-profit character of the association.
The above clauses are important for the purpose of obtaining a tax exemption. However, the Receiver of Revenue requires that the constitutions of all non-profit organisations which apply for tax exemption comply with a varying list of additional clauses which boulster and reinforce the essential non-profit distributing clauses.
An association exists to advance a public interest objective. It does not exist primarily for the gain or self-interest of its members. The constitution must make clear that the members and office-bearers of an association have no personal right to the property of the association.
6. POWERS
The powers of the association must be set out in the constitution and these powers must be consistent with the non-profit objectives of the association.
7. MEMBERS
These clauses should be included in the constitution if the Association. The clauses define who may become member, the procedures for the admission and removal of members and the duties and privileges of members. The constitution may include a schedule of initial members.
8. STRUCTURE
The constitution must specify the structure of the association and the mechanisms and procedures for its governance and management. The constitution must state how the Association plans to conduct meetings, make and record decisions. It may also provide for the appointment of officers.
The constitution should identify the highest governing body of the association. Usually this is a general meeting of members or the managing body.
The constitution usually contains a clause which vests all the powers of the association in a managing body. If the managing body is not the highest governing authority, then such powers should be subject to the instructions of the highest governing authority.
This is an important part of the constitution because these structures and procedures build in accountability by the officers to the members of the association.
9. FINANCIAL MATTERS
This section of the constitution states how the money of the association will be managed and accounted for. The constitution must set a date for the end of the association’s financial year and must state that the association’s affairs will be conducted by means of a banking account.
10. AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION AND DISSOLUTION
The constitution must explain how the constitution can be changed and how the association can be dissolved (closed down) by its members.
11. INDEMNITY
The constitution should provide that the members and officers of the association are not personally liable for any of its obligations and debts. These clauses reinforce the principle of limited liability mentioned in point 4 above.
12. DISPUTES
The constitution may set out a procedure for resolving serious disputes between the members regarding the interpretation of the constitution.
